Una galaxia es un sistema masivo de nubes de gas, planetas, polvo cósmico, y quizá materia oscura, y energía oscura, unido gravitatoriamente. La cantidad de estrellas que forman una galaxia es contable, desde las enanas, con 107, hasta las gigantes, con 1012 estrellas (según datos de la NASA del último trimestre del 2009). Formando parte de una galaxia existen subestructuras como las nebulosas, los cúmulos estelares y los sistemas estelares múltiples.
Históricamente, las galaxias han sido clasificadas de acuerdo a su forma aparente (morfología visual, como se le suele nombrar). Una forma común es la de galaxia elíptica, que, como lo indica su nombre, tiene el perfil luminoso de una elipse. Las galaxias espirales tienen forma circular pero con estructura de brazos curvos envueltos en polvo. Galaxias con formas irregulares o inusuales se llaman galaxias irregulares, y son, típicamente, el resultado de perturbaciones provocadas por la atracción gravitacional de galaxias vecinas. Estas interacciones entre galaxias vecinas (que pueden provocar la fusión de galaxias) pueden inducir el intenso nacimiento de estrellas. Finalmente tenemos las galaxias pequeñas que carecen de una estructura coherente y a las que también se les llama galaxias irregulares.
Se estima que existen más de cien mil millones (100.000.000.000) de galaxias en el universo observable. La mayoría de las galaxias tienen un diámetro entre cien y cien mil parsecs y están usualmente separadas por distancias del orden de un millón de parsecs. El espacio intergaláctico está compuesto por un tenue gas, cuya densidad media no supera un átomo por metro cúbico. La mayoría de las galaxias están dispuestas en una jerarquía de agregados, llamados cúmulos, que a su vez pueden formar agregados más grandes, llamados supercúmulos. Estas estructuras mayores están dispuestas en hojas o en filamentos rodeados de inmensas zonas de vacío en el universo.
Se especula que la materia oscura constituye el 90% de la masa en la mayoría de las galaxias. La naturaleza de este componente no está demostrado que verdaderamente existe, ya que teóricamente es una materia extraña que no se puede encontrar nada más que en el universo.
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